In many op-amp applications, wide closed-loop bandwidth isn't as important as low phase shift. Yet in a typical case of an amplifier with a gain of −20, the conventional LM741 has about 0.6° of phase ...

The phase determines the oscillation frequency, and gain is a criterion for oscillation to exist. The four poles in the loop equation each contribute –45° phase shift accumulating the required total ...

Have you ever wondered what makes a loudspeaker “difficult to drive”? Do you wonder what’s so special about an amplifier that is stable into a 4 ohm load? If these are the kinds of questions that ...

If you’ve worked with germanium transistors, you’ll know that many of them have a disappointingly low maximum frequency of operation. This has more to do with some of the popular ones dating from the ...

There’s more to making an oscillator than meets the eye, and [lcamtuf] is here with a good primer on the subject. It starts with the old joke that if you need an oscillator it’s best to try to make an ...