Soot is a form of carbonaceous particulate produced by incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon fuels in engines, industrial furnaces and open fires. Its formation proceeds through successive stages: fuel ...

In biomass gasification, organic polymers such as cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin undergo thermal decomposition to yield volatile tars and gas‐phase radicals. Under high temperatures and fuel‐rich ...

From the top of a plane wing, another airplane is seen flying above clouds in a blue sky, leaving a contrail in its wake. In spring 2023, scientists aboard a research aircraft chased an Airbus A321neo ...

Soot emissions alone cannot explain the formation of contrails, as recent atmospheric research findings show. With extremely low-sulphur fuels, volatile organic compounds and lubricating oil vapours ...

Analysis of in-flight emissions from an Airbus A350-900 using 100% sustainable aviation fuel indicates a reduction of 35% in soot particle numbers, and a halving of contrail ice-crystal formation per ...

Reducing aircraft soot emissions may not reduce contrail clouds, according to in-flight observations of emissions from a passenger jet with modern ‘lean-burn’ engines, reported in Nature. Contrails ...