The second heart sound is produced by the closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves. The sound produced by the closure of the aortic valve is termed A2 and the sound produced by the closure of the ...

Once your examination of the left lower sternal border is completed, move up to the left upper sternal border. Pulmonic valve murmurs and patent ductus arteriosus are loudest here, and it is the best ...

A paradoxical split S2 heart sound occurs when the splitting is heard during expiration and disappears during inspiration, the opposite of the physiologic split S2. A paradoxical split S2 occurs in ...

My rationale for beginning at the mitral area is to compare the auscultatory findings with those previously obtained by percussion and palpation (see Nonauscultatory Cardiac Exam: Assessing the ...